Engineering Chemistry

 The alkalinity of water is primarily a result of dissolved minerals, such as calcium, magnesium, and sodium carbonates and bicarbonates. These minerals can originate from geological sources, such as the dissolution of limestone or dolomite rocks, or from human activities like agriculture and industrial processes. Alkalinity is expressed in terms of equivalents of calcium carbonate … Read more

Alkalinity is a crucial water quality parameter that measures the capacity of water to neutralize acids, thereby maintaining its pH within a certain range. Since the bicarbonate, carbonate, and hydroxide ions are able to neutralize acid they causes alkalinity of water.   It is a key factor in determining the overall health and stability of … Read more

Degree of hardness and why hardness is expressed in terms of calcium carbonate equivalents

Degree of hardness of water and why hardness is expressed in terms of calcium carbonate equivalents.

Hardness of water

Hardness of water

विश्व स्वास्थ्य संगठन (डब्ल्यूएचओ) पीने के पानी के लिए अनुशंसित कुल घुलनशील ठोस (टीडीएस) मूल्य निर्दिष्ट नहीं करता है। टीडीएस आणविक, आयनित, या सूक्ष्म-दानेदार (कोलाइडल सोल) निलंबित रूप में तरल में निहित सभी अकार्बनिक और कार्बनिक पदार्थों की संयुक्त सामग्री का एक माप है। पीने के पानी के लिए स्वीकार्य टीडीएस स्तर क्षेत्रीय मानकों और … Read more

The World Health Organization (WHO) does not specify a recommended Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) value for drinking water. TDS is a measure of the combined content of all inorganic and organic substances contained in a liquid in molecular, ionized, or micro-granular (colloidal sol) suspended form. The acceptable TDS level for drinking water can vary based … Read more